浅析日本的森林公益机能经济价值评价

简要分析了日本全国水平的森林公益机能经济价值评价的历史和现状 ,并讨论了将来的发展趋势。日本人对森林公益机能的认识较早 ,频繁的自然灾害和林业经济的不景气是森林公益机能经济价值评价的起因和动机。从 1972年开始的全国森林公益机能的价值评价 ,当时用代替法 (RCM )评价出的金额约为 12 8兆日元 ;1987年单独评价东京圈内的森林价值的结果 ,每公顷森林测算出的价值为 5 0 0万日元 ,如按 5 %的还原率计算 ,其资本还原价高达每公顷 1亿日元。 2 0世纪 80年代还出现了用支付意愿法 (WTP)评价环境财产的事例。至 2 0 0 0年同样用 1972年使用过的代替法 (RCM )重新评价全国森林的结果 ,核算出约 75兆日元的最新数字。但至今为止评价过程中存在问题尚多 ,评价手法上也有局限性 ,其成果仅能为部分林业政策的制定和环境工程的评价起有限的参考作用。指出国际上森林公益机能价值评价今后的动向 ,提出了进一步开展评价理论和方法研究的必要性和重要性 ,并对中国林业可持续发展的启示提出了一些见解     

净现值法在林分经济成熟中的应用探讨

利用微观经济学手段,对林分生长过程进行了经济分析.根据林分经济成熟的内涵,结合林学知识,分析了净现值法在林分经济成熟中的应用.     

森林游憩开发中的盈利模式研究

森林游憩的深度开发 ,呼唤盈利模式的研究与运用。尝试提出森林游憩开发的技术路线 ,并对其开发的盈利模式进行探讨。     

European forest accounting: general concepts and Austrian experiences

Within the European Union there exist three different frameworks for forest accounting at the national level. For purposes of the national accounts, the regulations of the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA) have to be observed. They require a distinction between forestry and logging and provide specific guidelines for the valuation of standing timber. In recognition of the special character of forests and forestry production, two satellite accounts are devoted to forestry: the Economic Accounts for Forestry (EAF) and the European Framework for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting for Forests (IEEAF). Although they were designed as complementary to the national accounts and refer to the same basic methodologies, the guidelines for forest accounting provided by the three manuals are not fully compatible. Just recently, a further integration and harmonization of the concepts for forest accounting has been proposed. Austria has implemented the valuation of the increment as an output of forestry as requested by ESA and produces the EAF tables on a regular basis. The possibilities for extending forest accounting to natural resource accounts for standing timber and the IEEAF have been investigated in terms of pilot studies. The Austrian experiences and results exemplify the problems and possible solutions associated with the adoption of the different European schemes. Data deficits and valuation issues restrict the significance of respective results to some degree, especially as regards forestry-specific extensions of the accounting schemes.     

国有林业产业对地区经济发展贡献度的动态演绎分析

基于1998~2018年黑龙江省国有林业产业数据,从发展规模、产业结构、投入产出效益、专业化水平等4个方面对黑龙江省国有林业产业发展现状进行总体概述和分析。借助产业贡献度指标测算国有林业产业对黑龙江省经济发展的贡献水平,并基于三次产业构成进一步对国有林业产业贡献度进行了结构性动态评价。研究得出:黑龙江省国有林业产业对地区经济发展贡献呈现稳步上升的特征,第一产业表现突出,第二、三产业呈小幅下降、小幅上升的反向变动特征。基于结果分析,从产业自身发展和持续推进多种经营产业转型两个方面提出方向性建议。     

小陇山林区日本落叶松人工商品林抚育间伐技术及经济效益研究

通过分析，确定了小陇山林区日本落叶松人工商品林抚育间伐的时间，抚育间隔期及抚育强度，预测了抚育间伐的经济效益。     

Effects of organic and mineral fertilizer inputs on maize yield and soil chemical properties in a maize cropping system in Meru South District, Kenya

Soil nutrient depletion as a result of continuous cultivation of soils without adequate addition of external inputs is a major challenge in the highlands of Kenya. An experiment was set up in Meru South District, Kenya in 2000 to investigate the effects of different soil-incorporated organic (manure, Tithonia diversifolia, Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena leucocephala) and mineral fertilizer inputs on maize yield, and soil chemical properties over seven seasons. On average, tithonia treatments (with or without half recommended rate of mineral fertilizer) gave the highest grain yield (5.5 and 5.4 Mg ha⁻¹ respectively) while the control treatment gave the lowest yield (1.5 Mg ha⁻¹). After 2 years of trial implementation, total soil carbon and nitrogen contents were improved with the application of organic residues, and manure in particular improved soil calcium content. Results of the economic analysis indicated that on average across the seven seasons, tithonia with half recommended rate of mineral fertilizer treatment recorded the highest net benefit (USD 787 ha⁻¹) while the control recorded the lowest (USD 272 ha⁻¹). However, returns to labor or benefit-cost ratios were in most cases not significantly improved when organic materials were used.     

扬州市邗江低湿江滩地林农复合构建模式早期经济效益研究

对江苏省扬州市邗江渔业乡低湿江滩地构建的4类16种林农复合模式的经济效益评估结果表明,意大利杨与菊苣、意大利杨与荩草、意大利杨与苏丹草、意大利杨与银杏苗、意大利杨与棕榈、意大利杨与莲、水杉与药用蚂蝗、水杉与精鱼等8种复合模式是低湿江滩地开发经济效益高的优良构建模式;围网养殖尤其是船带网箱移动养殖长江水特产品是江滩水面资源开发利用的高效特色模式。认为滩地开发应在巩固“八五”绿化滩地,营建抑螺防病林成果的基础上,引进新树种,新种植、养殖优良生物品种,用新技术进行优化配置,以优化现有湿地森林结构,创立体现沿江湿地林渔特色的“多物种、多功能、多效益”人工林系统,建设观光林网,观光渔业,滨江湿地森林生态旅游村,进一步促进江滩湿地资源深度开发及沿江农村经济与社会可持续发展。     

三峡库区坡地梨-旱稻农业模式生态经济分析

运用生态经济学原理对三峡库区坡地新建梨-旱稻复合系统的生态效益和经济效益进行了研究。结果表明:与清耕梨园相比,梨园间作旱稻并秸秆还田后,有良好的水土保持作用和改土培肥效果,同时能有效控制田间杂草,减少梨园病虫害的发生,消减非点源N污染负荷60.19 kg/hm2,非点源P污染负荷8.0kg/hm2。与单一系统相比,复合系统提高土地利用率44%,能量经济系数上升2%。研究结果表明:梨-旱稻复合系统是一种具有良好生态效益的高效种植模式,值得在库区大力推广。     

森林生态价值会计核算原则

对森林生态建设(保护)单位的森林生态价值会计核算的研究与发展将是会计理论的突破性进展.在森林生态价值会计理论中,由于会计的一般属性,决定了这一专业会计对必须遵循会计中的真实性、相关性、可比性、一致性、重要性、及时性、明晰性、谨慎性等原则的要求是一致的;由于其森林生态价值会计的特殊性,又必须在遵循某些原则中有些特殊的处理或者必须遵循一些新的原则.在不同的森林生态价值会计主体中应根据自身的特点分别选择权责发生制原则和收付实现制原则;在遵循配比原则、划分收益性支出与资本性支出原则、可靠性原则等方面应有些特殊的处理或者是对这些原则新的理解;森林生态价值会计的特殊性决定了必须遵循社会性原则及兼顾经济效益和生态效益原则.